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GrammarBook4unit5ThemeparksDiscoveringusefulstructures,1、掌握高中英语出现的主要的构词法：转化、合成和派生。2、使学生能利用构词法的知识加强对单词学习的记忆和理解2、使学生能利用基本构词法的规则，推测出阅读中某些生词的意义。,掌握英语构词法是高中学生应该具备的一项基本技能。它对于帮助同学们扩大词汇量，准确地推测文章中词汇的含义具有非常重要的意义。本课先用一首诗歌导入，让学生注意诗歌中某些单词，引出主题“词汇的构词方法”。然后分别进行3种高中最常见的构词类型的详细讲解，中间穿插有很多的例子，让学生了解构词法的详细使用，为了加强构词法的用法，每种构词法后面都配套有相应的练习。在讲解构词法时，主要挑选了高中里面最常见的三种进行学习，每一种都列举出了所有构词的类型，帮助学生有一个全体的概念，并且配有例子，这些简单的例子可以使学生一目了然各种类型的构词方式。后面通过一些练习的设置，提高学生对单词学习的记忆和理解能力，能利用构词法推测出词汇的意思。,StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEveningRobertFrostLet’senjoyapoem,andpayattentiontotheredwords.WhosewoodstheseareIthinkIknow,想来我认识这座森林，Hishouseisinthevillagethough.林主的庄宅就在邻村Hewillnotseemestoppinghere,却不会见我在此驻马Towatchhiswoodsfillupwithsnow.看他林中积雪的美景。Mylittlehorsemustthinkitqueer,我的小马一定颇惊讶：Tostopwithoutafarmhousenear,四望不见有什么农家Betweenthewoodsandfrozenlake,偏是一年最暗的黄昏Thedarkesteveningoftheyear.寒林和冰湖之间停下RobertFrost-StoppingByWoodsOnASnowyEvening,Hegiveshisharnessbellsashake,它摇一摇身上的串铃Toaskifthereissomemistake.问我这地方该不该停。Theonlyothersound'sthesweep,此外只有轻风拂雪片，Ofeasywindanddownyflake.再也听不见其他声音。Thewoodsarelovely,darkanddeep.森林又暗又深真可羡，ButIhavepromisestokeep,但我还要守一些诺言AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.还要赶多少路才安眠，AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.还要赶多少路才安眠。Doyouknowhowthesewordsareformed?word-formation!,Doyouknowhowthesewordsareformed?farmhousen.darkestadj.harnessn.mistaken.lovelyadj.farm+housedark+-estharn+-essmis-+takelove+-ly,2.派生法3.转化法语言的基本要素之一是词汇，按照语言一定的规律创造新词的方法，称之为构词法（word-formation).1.合成法英语中常用构词法,一、合成法(composition)warm+heart+ed=warmhearted热心肠的good+looking=good-looking相貌好看的class班级+room房间=classroom教室概念：把两个或以上的词组成一个新词叫合成法。,（1）合成名词构成方式例词名词＋名词weekend周末名词＋动词daybreak黎明名词＋动名词handwriting书法名词＋及物动词＋er/orpain-killer止痛药名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑动词＋名词typewriter打字机动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词＋名词gentleman绅士副词＋动词outbreak爆发介词＋名词afternoon下午代词＋名词she-wolf母狼合成法构词的种类：,（2）合成形容词构成方式例词名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面的名词＋过去分词man-made人造的数词＋名词one-way单行的数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的数词＋名词＋edfive-storeyed五层的动词＋副词see-through透明的形容词＋名词high-class高级的合成法构词的种类：构成方式例词形容词＋名词＋ednoble-minded高尚的形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词＋形容词ever-green常青的副词＋现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词＋过去分词well-known著名的副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词＋名词downhill下坡的,（3）合成动词构成方式例词名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷副词＋动词overthrow推翻合成法构词的种类：,（4）合成副词构成方式例词形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词＋副词everywhere到处副词＋副词however尽管如此介词＋名词beforehand事先介词＋副词forever永远（5）合成代词构成方式例词代词宾格＋selfherself她自己物主代词＋selfmyself我自己形容词＋名词anything任何东西合成法构词的种类：,（6）合成介词构成方式例词副词＋名词inside在……里面介词＋副词within在……之内副词＋介词into进入合成法构词的种类：,Column1butterdownhardkindworthwornnorthmobileheadhomeColumn2phoneouteasternlandflyheartedtownworkingwhilelineGroupwork:将第一栏和第二栏的词合成十个新词，并写在第三栏，独立完成后小组成员之间核对答案。Compoundword1________________2________________3________________4________________5________________6________________7________________8________________9________________10________________,二、派生法(derivation)概念：在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。happy---unhappydevelop---development,1)前缀前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。mis-错误的+understandv.理解---misunderstandv.误解en+largeadj.大的---enlargev.扩大,常见的前缀,(A)表示否定或逆转的前缀：de-defrostdecentralizeun-unfair,unhappy,unlocknon-nonsmoker(常用在n.adj.adv.前)in-inactive,inhuman,indirect(常用在adj.后)dis-disagree,disappearim-impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m开头的词前)il-illegalillogicalir-irreal,irregular,irrelevant,(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:mis-misjudge,misdirect(误导)(C).表示向背的前缀:pro-(亲，支持)pro-Chinese,pro-Americananti-(阻止，抗)antiwar,anti-Japanesewar,(D).表示程度、大小的前缀super-superstar,supermarket,superman,superpowerover-overeat,overuseout-outnumber,outdomacro-macroeconomicsmicro-microeconomics,microscopemini-minibus,miniskirt,mini-carunder-underestimate,under-develop,(E).表示时间的前缀ex-ex-president,ex-wifepre-prewar,precautionpost-postwarfore-(前,预先)foretell,forecast,foresee,(F).表示方位的前缀：ex-export,excludeextra-extranuclear,extraordinaryin-inland,invadeintra-intranuclear,intrastatesub-subway,submarineinter-international,intercity,interclass,semi-(半,部分)semicircle,semiskilled,semi-steeluni-unicycle,unilateralmono-monorailbi-bicycletri-triangle,tricyclepoly-polysyllablemulti-multifunctional,multinational(G).表示数量的前缀：,auto-autobiography,automobileco-cooperatecoexistencecon-connectionconcentratecol-colleague,collectcom-combinecommoncompanioncompresscontra-contradictioncounter-counterattack,countermeasure(H).表示方式或态度的前缀：,be-befriendbelittle(轻视)en-enable,endangerem-embitter,empower(I).变换词类的前缀：,bio-biochemistry,biologymal-malnutrition,maltreatpseudo-pseudosciencetherm(o)-thermometer(J).其它,常见的后缀,1.动词变名词：-ationsatisfaction,education,realization-mentdevelopment,movement,disappointment,-alarrival,refusal-eetrainee,employee-erteacher,worker-orvisitor,sailor,2.形容词变名词-nesshappiness,meanness,carelessness-ityability,possibility-ismMarxism,criticism,3.名词变形容词：-ywindy,rainy,sandy-ishfoolish,feverish-somehandsome,troublesome-ousdangerous,humorous-fulhelpful,careful,peaceful,4.名词、形容词变动词：-ifybeautify,simplify-izerealize-enquicken,widen,sharpen,5.但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义：-dom:(职位、状态)freedom-hood:(身份，资格)childhood-ship:(情态\状态\性质\身份\职业\技巧\技能)leadership,hardship-ful:构成名词mouthful(满口,一口),handful(一把),Exercise11.划出否定前、后缀：disagree,impossible,inconvenient,mislead,nonstop,unlike,careless2.co-(共同)co-product_________co-owner___________cooperate________【翻译】3.en-（使）enlarge__________________【翻译、举另一例子】4.re-(再、又)recycle__________________【翻译、举另一例子】5.名词后缀–ment-tion-ist/or/er______________________________【各举一例】6.动词后缀：-enwiden_________7.形容词后缀：-fulwonderful_________–ablereliable_________–ysunny_________8.副词后缀：-lyquickly__________（n.+y/ly→adj.v.+y/ly→adv.）,Exercise2按例题完成下列各题。helpfuladj.有帮助的unchangeable__________________translation__________________translator___________________misunderstanding__________________impossibility___________________widen__________________misread__________________enlarge__________________dislike__________________colorful__________________unfriendly__________________,三、转化法概念：英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。Eg:watern.水------watervt.浇水常见的转化形式两种：动词---名词名词---动词,1.动词----名词stopvt.停止---n.车站lovevt.爱---n.爱Watchvt.观看---n.手表recordvt.录音---n.纪录combvt.梳理(头发)---n.梳子abusevt.辱骂---n.辱骂,2.名词----动词handn.手---vt.上交seatn.座位---vt.坐nursen.护士---vt.护理oiln.油---vt.上油timen.时间---vt.定时，测时shouldern.肩膀---vt.肩负,minen.矿山---vt.开矿barbecuen.烧烤---vt.在烤架上烤shipn.船---vt.用船装运financen.金融---vt.为……提供资金stainn.污点,污迹---vt.玷污，污染draftn.草稿---vt.起草headn.头---v.前进transportn.运输---vt.运输,3.副词---动词downadv.向下---v.放下4.副词---名词nowhereadv.任何地方都不---n.无处，无名的地方,5.形容词---名词freezingadj.冰冻的---n.冰点solidadj.固体的,坚实的---n.固体6.数词---动词secondnum.第二---v.赞成---n.秒,1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.A.careB.carefulC.carelessD.carelessness2.Thethree-________chairisn’tsuitableforayoungchild.Hemayfalloff.A.leggingB.leggedC.legsD.leged3.Toeveryone’s________，thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.A.satisfiedB.satisfactoryC.satisfyingD.satisfaction4.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.A.permitB.permissionC.permittingD.permittence5.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?A.latelyB.latestC.laterD.latter6.Canadaismainlyan________country.A.English-speakingB.speak-EnglishC.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken,7.How________heis!Heisalwaysacting________.Heisreallya________.foolish；foolishly；foolB.fool；foolish；foolC.foolish；fool；foolD.foolishly；foolish；fool8.Thedoctorsaidthattheoldman’sconditionwas________andthattheyhadtriedtheirbest.A.hopeB.hopedC.hopefulD.hopeless9.Thedoctor’sadvice________himtogiveupdrinkingandsmoking.A.encouragedB.couragedC.encouragementD.discouraged10.—Whatareyoudoinghere?—Oh，myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglish?A.600words；a600-wordsB.600-word；a600-wordsC.600words；a600-wordD.600words；a600-words,Ifyoumeetthenewwordswhenreading,whatwillyoudo?---Wecanguessthemeaningthroughword-formation.,1.Iwillnotmakefriendswithadishonestperson.2.Whenthelittleboyfinished,hisfatherwasspeechless.3.Ifsomeathletesusedrugs,itisunfairtotheothers.根据构词法猜词首先要熟悉基本的构词法及其规律,其次要掌握一定的词根和词缀。如:un-,im-,mis-,-less,-ness等。小结dis+honestspeech+less说不出话的un+fair,英语构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法。除此之外还有混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。截短法(缩略法)截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。Eg.telephone→phone混合法(混成法)混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。Eg.smokeandfog→smog烟雾首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。Eg.veryimportantperson→VIP(读字母音)要人；大人物,Thankyou!
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