资料简介
Unit2SailingtheoceansPartOne:TeachingDesignPeriod1:Asamplelessonplanforreading(SAILINGTHEOCEANS)AimsTohelpstudentsreadaboutsailingtheoceansTohelpstudentslearnaboutthepredicateProcedures■WarmingupbyleaningaboutnavigatorWhatisanavigator?Anavigatoristhepersononboardashipresponsibleforthenavigationofthevessel.Onaircraft,thepositionmayalsobereferredtoasaflightofficer.Thenavigator'sresponsibilitiesincludeplanningthejourney,advisingthecaptain(orpilot)whileenroute,andensuringthathazardsorobstaclesareavoided.Whatisexploration?Explorationistheactofsearchingortravelingforthepurposeofdiscovery,e.g.ofunknownregions,includingspace(spaceexploration),oroil,gas,coal,ores,water(alsoknownasprospecting),orinformation.Explorationhasexistedaslongashumanbeings,butitspeakisseenasbeingduringtheAgeofExplorationwhenEuropeannavigatorstravelledaroundtheworld.Inscientificresearch,explorationisoneofthreepurposesofresearch(theothertwobeingdescriptionandexplanation).Explorationistheattempttodevelopaninitial,roughunderstandingofsomephenomenon.■WarmingupbytalkingaboutZhengHe'sSevenVoyagesInJuly11,1405,theeunuchZhengHeoftheMingDynastyroyalcourtsetoutonhisfirstoverseasvoyage.Inthefollowing28years,thisnavigatorproceededtocarryoutsixmorevoyages,accompaniedbyahugeentourageofnearly30,000people.BytravelingthroughoutSoutheastAsia,andaroundtheIndianOceantotheRedSeaandEastAfrica,healsolandedatoverthirtydifferentnations.Hewastheearliestlargestscalenavigationinworldhistory,comingmorethanhalfacenturyearlierthanColumbus'famousexploits...■WarmingupbylookingandlisteningHello,class.Doyouknowthisman?Yes,heisMarcoPolo.MarcoPolo(1254-1324),isprobablythemostfamousWesternertraveledontheSilkRoad.Heexcelledalltheothertravelersinhisdetermination,his,writing,andhisinfluence.HisjourneythroughAsialasted24years.Hereachedfurtherthananyofhispredecessors,beyondMongoliatoChina.HebecameaconfidantofKublaiKhan(1214-1294).HetraveledthewholeofChinaandreturnedtotellthetale,whichbecamethegreatesttravelogue.I.Pre-readingWhatarenavigationalinstruments?●Navigationalinstrumentswerebuiltintheageofexplorationtoguidetheexplorerstotheirdestinations.●navigationalinstrument-aninstrumentusedfornavigating◇artificialhorizon,flightindicator,gyrohorizon-anavigationalinstrumentbasedonagyroscope;providesanartificialhorizonforthepilot◇compass-navigationalinstrumentforfindingdirections◇depthfinder-navigationalinstrumentusedtomeasurethedepthofabodyofwater(asbyultrasoundorradar)◇inclinometer-aninstrumentshowingtheanglethatanaircraftmakeswiththehorizon◇instrument-adevicethatrequiresskillforproperuse◇asdic,echosounder,sonar-ameasuringinstrumentthatsendsoutanacousticpulseinwaterandmeasuresdistancesintermsofthetimefortheechoofthepulsetoreturn;sonarisanacronymforsoundnavigationranging;asdicisanacronymforanti-submarinedetectioninvestigationcommitteeII.ReadingforformsReadthetextSAILINGTHEOCEANSonpage12to:cut/thesentenceintothoughtgroups,blackenthepredicative,darkentheconnectivesandunderlinealltheusefulexpressions.SAILINGTHEOCEANSWemaywellwonder/howseamenexploredtheoceans/beforelatitude/andlongitudemadeitpossible/toplotaship'sposition/onamap．Thevoyagesoftravelers/beforethe17thcentury/showthat/theywerenotatthemercyofthesea/eventhoughtheydidnothavemodernnavigationalaids．So/howdidtheynavigatesowell?Readthesepages/fromanencyclopedia．Pagel：UsingnaturetohelpKeepingalongsidethecoastlineThisseemstohavebeenthefirst/andmostusefulformofexploration/whichcarriedtheminimumamountofrisk．UsingcelestialbodiesNorthStarAttheNorthPole/theNorthStarisatitshighestposition/inthesky,butattheequator/itisalongthehorizon．So/accomplishednavigatorswereabletouseit/toplottheirpositions．SunOnaclearday/especiallyduringthesummer/thesailorscouldusethesun/overhead,/atmiddaytonavigateby．Theycanusetheheightofthesun/toworkouttheirlatitude．CloudsSeacaptainsobservedtheclouds/overislands.Thereisaspecialcloudformation/whichindicates/thereisland/closeby.UsingwildlifeSeaweedSailorsoftensawseaweed/inthesea/andcouldtell/bythecolour/andsmell/howlongithadbeenthere．Ifitwasflesh/andsmelledstrongly，then/theshipwasclosetoland．BirdsSeabirdscouldbeusedtoshowtheway/toland/whenitwasnowheretobeseen．Intheevening/nestingbirdsreturntoland/andtheirnests．So/seamencouldfollowthebirds/toland/eveniftheywereoffshore/andintheopensea．UsingtheweatherFogFoggathersatsea/aswellasoverstreams/orrivers．Seamenusedit/tohelpidentifythepositionofastream/orriver/whentheywereclosetoland．WindsWiseseamenusedthewinds/todirecttheirsailing．Theycouldacceleratethespeed，buttheycouldalsobedangerous．So/theVikingswouldobservethewinds/before/andduringtheiroutward/orreturnjourneys．UsingtheseaCertaintides/andcurrentscouldbeused/byskillfulsailors/tocarryships/totheirdestination.Theseskillshelpedsailors/exploretheseas/anddiscovernewlands．Theyincreasedtheirability/tonavigatenewseas/whentheyusedinstruments．page2:UsingnavigationalinstrumentstohelpFindinglongitudeTherewasnosecuremethodofmeasuringlongitude/untilthe17thcentury/whentheBritishsolvedthistheoreticalproblem．Nobodyknewthat/theearthmovedwestwards/15degrees/everyhour,butsailorsdidknowanapproximatemethodofcalculatinglongitude/usingspeed/andtime．Anearlymethodofmeasuringspeed/involvedthrowingaknottedrope/tiedtoalog/overthesideoftheship．Theropewastiedtoalog/whichwasthen/thrownintothesea．Astheshipadvancedthroughthewater/theknotswerecounted/astheypassedthroughaseaman’shands．Thenumberofknots/thatwerecounted/duringafixedperiodoftime/gavethespeedoftheship/innauticalmiles/perhour．Later,whenseamenbegantousethecompass/inthe12thcentury/theycouldcalculatelongitude/usingcomplicatedmathematicaltables．Thecompasshasaspecialmagneticpointer/whichalwaysindicatestheNorthPole，so/itisusedtohelpfindthedirection/thattheshipneedstogo．Inthisway/theshipcouldsetastraightcourse/eveninthemiddleoftheocean．Findinglatitude,TheBearingCircleItwasthefirstinstrument/tomeasurethesun'sposition．Aseamanwouldmeasurethesun’sshadow/andcompareit/withtheheightofthesun/atmidday．Then/hecouldtellifhewassailingonhiscorrect/ratherthanarandomcourse.TheAstrolabeTheastrolabe,quadrant/andsextantareallconnected.Theyaredevelopments/ofoneanother．Theearliest，theastrolabe，wasaspecialall-in-onetool/fortellingthepositionoftheship/inrelationtothesun/andvariousstars/whichcoveredthewholesky．Thisgavetheseamen/thelocaltime/andallowedthem/tofindtheirlatitude/atsea．However,itwasawkward/touse/asoneofthepointsofreference/wasthemovingshipitself．TheQuadrantThiswasamoreprecise/andsimplifiedversionoftheastrolabe．Itmeasuredhowhighstarswereabovethehorizon/usingaquartercircle/ratherthanthefullcircleoftheastrolabe．Itwaseasiertohandle/becauseitwasmoreportable．Itsshortcomingwasthatitstillusedthemovingship/asoneofthefixedpointsofreference．Astheshiprose/andplunged/inthewaves，itwasextremelydifficult/tobeaccurate/withanyreading．ThesextantThesextantwastheupdatedversion/oftheastrolabe/andquadrant/whichreducedthetendency/tomakemistakes．Itprovedtobethemostaccurate/andreliableoftheseearlynavigationalinstruments．Itworksbymeasuringtheangle/betweentwofixedobjects/outsidetheship/usingtwomirrors．Thismadethecalculationsmoreprecise/andeasiertodo．III.CopyingusefulexpressionsandmakingsentencesYouaregoingtocopyinyournotebookalltheusefulexpressionsandmakesentencesofyourownwiththem.sailtheoceans,exploretheoceans,plotaship'spositiononamap,thevoyagesoftravelers,beforethe17thcentury,atthemercyof…,havemodernnavigationalaids,readthesepagesfromanencyclopediausenaturetohelp,keepalongsidethecoastline,seemtohavebeen…,thefirstandmostusefulformofexploration,carrytheminimumamountofriskusecelestialbodies,NorthStar,attheNorthPole,atitshighestpositioninthesky,attheequator,alongthehorizon,accomplishednavigators,beabletouse…toplottheirpositions,onaclearday,duringthesummer,usethesunoverheadatmiddaytonavigateby,usetheheightofthesuntoworkouttheirlatitude,observethecloudsoverislands,aspecialcloudformation,landclosebyusewildlife,seeseaweedinthesea,tell…bythecolourandsmell,fleshandsmelledstrongly，closetoland,useseabirdstoshowthewaytoland,intheevening,nestingbirds,returntolandandtheirnests,followthebirdstoland,intheopenseauseweather,gatheratsea,aswellasoverstreamsorrivers,identifythepositionofastreamorriver,closetoland,usethewindstodirectone’ssailing,acceleratethespeed,observethewinds,beforeandduringone’soutwardorreturnjourneys．,usethesea,carryshipstotheirdestination,exploretheseas,discovernewlands,increasetheirabilitytonavigatenewseas,useinstrumentsusenavigationalinstrumentstohelp…,findlongitude,securemethodofmeasuringlongitude,solvethistheoreticalproblem,movewestwards,15degreeseveryhour,methodofcalculatinglongitude,usespeedandtime,methodofmeasuringspeed,tieto…,overthesideoftheship,throw…into…,advancethroughthewater,passthrough…,duringafixedperiodoftime,givethespeedof…,innauticalmilesperhour,usethecompass,usecomplicatedmathematicaltables,haveaspecialmagneticpointer,indicatetheNorthPole,findthedirection,inthisway,setastraightcourse,inthemiddleoftheocean．findlatitude,theBearingCircle,measurethesun'sposition,measurethesun’sshadow,compare…with…,theheightofthesunatmidday,sailon…,ratherthanarandomcourseaspecialall-in-onetoolfortellingthepositionoftheship,inrelationto…,givesbthelocaltime,findone’slatitudeatsea,useasoneofthepointsofreference,amorepreciseandsimplifiedversionoftheastrolabe,abovethehorizon,useaquartercircle,usethemovingshipasoneofthefixedpointsofreference,plungeinthewaves，theupdatedversionoftheastrolabeandquadrant,reducethetendency,makemistakes,themostaccurateandreliableoftheseearlynavigationalinstruments,workbymeasuringtheangleIV.TransforminginformationNextyouaregoingtoreadthetextagaintocompletethechartbelow.SAILINGTHEOCEANS■Usingnaturetohelpkeepingalongsidethecoastline■Usingnavigationalinstrumentstohelp●Usingcelestialbodies:NorthStar;Sun;Clouds●findinglongitude●Usingwildlife:Seaweed;Birds●Findinglatitude:TheBearingCircle;TheAstrolabe;TheQuadrant;Thesextant●Usingtheweather:Fog;Winds●UsingtheseaV.ClosingdownbyreadingmoreaboutsailingtheoceansSailingtheoceansForthousandsofyears,peoplehavebeensailingacrosstheoceansandaroundtheworld.Knowledgeofoceancurrentsandwindpatternshasallowedpeopletoreliablyreachtheirdestinationsevenaftercrossinghugeexpansesofopenocean.Inthisphotograph,asailboatuseswindandcurrentstomoveamongtheislandsofMicronesia.Beforemodernnavigationaltechniquesweredeveloped,navigatorsintheSouthPacificreliedonstickchartstoindicateislandlocationsrelativetowindsand ,currents.Today,racingsailboatsisasport,andteamstesttheirskillsbyracingaroundtheworld.Navigationnowreliesonsatellites,butknowledgeofwindpatterns,oceancurrents,andpotentialobstaclesinunfamiliarwatersisstillessentialforsailing.Inthisinvestigation,you'llplotacourseforracingaroundtheworldinasailboat.You'llexploresomeoftheobstaclesyoumightencounteronyourroute;thenyou'llhavetheopportunitytoreviseyourroutetoimproveyourspeed.AdditionalMaterialsCompletethesummaryofthestorywithonewordineachblank.Whilesailingthe_____1___wemaymakeuseofboththenature___2___thenavigationalinstrumentstohelp.Bymakinguseofthe____3___tohelp,itismeantthatwecouldeither____4____alongsidethecoastline,__5___usecelestialbodieslikethenorthstar,thesunandtheclouds,__6___usewildlifesuchasseaweed,birds,___7__usetheweathersuchasfogandwinds,__8___usethesea.Byusing___9__instrumentstohelpitismeant__10___wecouldmanagetosaileitherbyfindinglongitude__11___byfindinglatitudebymeansoftheBearingCircle,theAstrolabe,theQuadrant__12___theSextant.(Key:1.oceans2.and3.nature4.keep5.or6.or7.or8.or9.navigational10.that11.or12.and)Comprehensionquestions1.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?A.Thevoyagesofthetravelersbeforethe17thcenturyB.Howtoplotaship’spositiononamapC.HowdidancientmennavigatesowellD.Usenaturetoaidnavigation2.AncientnavigatorsusenavigationalinstrumentstohelpthemA.findcelestialbodies.B.predicttheweather.C.explorethesea.D.findlatitude3.TheauthorofthepassageimpliesthattheancientnavigatorswereA.hard-working.B.brave.C.intelligent.D.energetic4.Accordingtothepassage,A.theancientaccomplishednavigatorswereabletouseSouthStartoplottheirpositions．B.Seabirdscouldbeusedtoshowthewaytolandwhenitwasnowheretobeseen．C.Wiseseamenusedthesnowstodirecttheirsailing．D.Thesextantprovedtobethemostaccurateandreliableoftheseearlynavigationalinstruments．(Key:BDCB),Notestothespecialsentences1.Soaccomplishednavigatorswereabletouseittoplottheirpositions．熟练的领航员就能够用它来确定自己的位置。句中accomplished是形容词，意思是“优秀的，熟练的”，作定语修饰其后的名词。Accomplished的用法如下：已完成的;已达到的：accomplishedfacts既成事实；学识渊博的,技术高超的,有成就的：anaccomplishedcook厨艺精湛的厨师，JudyisaccomplishedinEnglishteaching.茱蒂擅长英语教学；有教养的,优雅的：anaccomplishedlady才女2.Onacleardayespeciallyduringthesummerthesailorscouldusethesunoverheadatmiddaytonavigateby．在晴朗的日子，尤其是在夏天，水手可以使用正午头顶的太阳来引导他们航行。句中tonavigateby作目的状语，修饰谓语动词，其中的by是介词，它的逻辑宾语是前面的thesun。类似的例句有：Ihavenotopicstowriteabout.Hefoundsomepenstowritewith.Heisnotthepersontogetalongwith.3.Seabirdscouldbeusedtoshowthewaytolandwhenitwasnowheretobeseen．看不到陆地的时候，可以利用海鸟来定位通向陆地的方向。句中used后面有一个停顿。to到land作目的状语。句中when引导的是时间状语从句，修饰说明主句谓语动词。4.Thenumberofknotsthatwerecountedduringafixedperiodoftimegavethespeedoftheshipinnauticalmilesperhour．一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩时速。句中thatwerecountedduringafixedperiodoftime是定语从句，innauticalmiles和perhour都是状语。5.Later,whenseamenbegantousethecompassinthe12thcenturytheycouldcalculatelongitudeusingcomplicatedmathematicaltables．后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数学表格计算出航行的经度了。usingcomplicatedmathematicaltables是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。更多例句：Theboysatinfrontofthefarm—housecuttingthebranch.那男孩坐在农舍前，削树枝。（伴随）Hecamerunningbacktotellmethenews.他跑回来告诉我这个消息。（方式）Anoldmanentered,supportedbyagirl.一位老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走进来。（方式）6.Thenhecouldtellifhewassailingonhiscorrectratherthanarandomcourse.这样他就能弄清楚他是沿正确航线而不是紊乱航线航行。Ratherthan的例句还有：IthinkI’llhaveacolddrinkratherthancoffee.Whydidn’tyouaskforhelp,ratherthantryingtodoitonyourown?7.Theearliest，theastrolabe，wasaspecialall-in-onetoolfortellingthepositionoftheshipinrelationtothesunandvariousstarswhichcoveredthewholesky．最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和太空星辰的相对位置。inrelationto…是复合介词短语，作状语。请看：inrelationto(=concerning)thismatter。Itsbrainissmallinrelationto(=comparedwith)itsbody.Littleofwhathesaidhasanyrelationtofact.8.Itprovedtobethemostaccurateandreliableoftheseearlynavigationalinstruments．它证明是这些早期航海仪器中最准确最可靠的一种。句中proved可以看作半系动词，后接表语。look，turn，feel，get，become，sound，smell，stand，go，remain等都可能用作半连系动词。例如：Helookedaperfectfool．他看上去是个十足的傻瓜。Heturnedtraitortohiscountry．他背叛了祖国。Ifeltveryhungryafteralongwalk．走了一段长路，我感到很饿。,Ourmotherlandisgettingstrongerandstronger．我们国家变得越来越强大了。Someofthelandbecamecoveredwithwater．一些田地覆盖着水。Thestorysoundsinteresting．这故事听起来很有趣。he flowerssmellsweet．花朵散发芳香。Holdingthenoteinhishand，hestoodtheredumbfounded．他拿着钞票，站在那里，目瞪口呆。Theywentmad．他们发狂了。Heneverremainedsatisfiedwithhissuccess．他从不满足于自己的成绩。相关高考链接句首动词命题透视请看课文第一段最后一句：Readthesepagesfromanencyclopedia.句首使用了动词。现在我们来透视一下句首动词命题的相关情况：一、句首使用动词原形此类题目多通过特定句式、固定结构考查动词的形式。近年高考考查的重点多为动词原形开头的祈使句或“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型。1.—WhatshouldIdowiththispassage?—_____themainideaofeachparagraph.（2005重庆卷）A.FindingoutB.FoundoutC.FindoutD.Tofindout析：该句省略了主语，复原后整个句子应为：Youshouldfindoutthemainideaofeachparagraph.正确答案为C。2.—Englishhasalargevocabulary,hasn'tit?—Yes.______morewordsandexpressionsandyouwillfinditeasiertoreadandcommunicate.（2004上海卷）A.KnowB.KnowingC.ToknowD.Known析：根据题意和结构可知，该题考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型，故首空应用动词原形。答案为A。二、句首使用to-v短语形式置于句首的to-v短语形式常作目的状语，其后使用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构（作目的状语的to-v短语放在句后也可以）。注意：若v-to形式表示的动作为句子的主语所承受，则需使用被动式。______lateintheafternoon,Bobturnedoffthealarm.（2001北京春季卷）A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingslept析：从整个句子结构上看，逗号后面没有连词或关系词，可知此题考查非谓语动词形式。结合句子语意，应用不定式结构作目的状语。答案选A。三、句首使用v-ing短语作主语的形式v-ing短语作主语其判定方法为：该动词短语作主语与谓语动词直接连接，没有逗号隔开。_____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone'sskin.（2002上海卷）A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed析：分析句子结构可知，willdo是谓语，缺少主语，要用v-ing形式作主语。expose与one'sskin是动宾关系，故应用v-ing的被动式。答案为C。四、句首使用v-ing短语作状语的形式用在句首的v-ing形式作状语常常表示原因、时间、条件或让步，其后用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构，v-ing短语形式具有“进行”和“主动”意义。但当v-ing短语的逻辑主语承受其动作时要用被动式；当v-ing表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前时要用完成式；否定形式是把not放在v-ing短语的前边。1.____fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsand,animalsnotfoundinanyothercountryintheworld.（2005湖北卷）A.BeingseparatedB.HavingseparatedC.HavingbeenseparatedD.Tobeseparated析：从结构上看，判断为该动词短语作状语；从意义上看，该动词短语作原因状语，需用v-ing形式；从逻辑上看，句子的主语Australia与separate的关系应为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用被动形式；从题意上看，separate这个动作是在主句的谓语动词has之前发生的，因此要用v-ing的完成形式。故正确答案为C。注：置于句首的v-ing短语作状语时，其前可加上相应的从属连词when,while,if,though,although,once等，以明确所作状语的类型。2.Though________money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.（2002上海卷）A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin析：hisparents与lack是主谓关系，要用v-ing形式作状语，在前面加上though，使得让步意义更加明显。答案为C。五、句首使用v-ed短语作状语的形式用在句首的v-ed形式作状语也常常表示原因、时间、条件、让步或背景状态，其后也用逗号隔开一个完整的句子结构，只是v-ed短语形式具有“被动”和“完成”意义。1.____inthemountainsforaweek,thetwostudentsarefinallysavedbythelocalpolice.（2005江苏卷）A.HavinglostB.LostC.BeinglostD.Losing析：从结构上看，动词短语有逗号隔开，应为该动词短语作状语；此题测试词组belostin...的用法，它表状态，不表动作。故答案为B。2.____intouseinApril2000,thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.（2005上海卷）A.PutB.PuttingC.HavingputD.Beingput析：正确答案为A。主语thehotline于2000年4月被投入使用，v.-ed短语这里作时间状语，可扩展为Whenit(thehotline)wasputintouseinApril2000……六、句首使用动词短语作插入语的形式置于句首的动词短语如果只表示说话人对说话内容所持态度，不作句子中的任何成分，去掉后句子意义仍然完整，则属于插入语。这类插入语多为固定说法。如用to-v短语作插入语，常见的有：totell(you)thetruth（实话说），tobeginwith（首先，第一），tomakemattersworse（更糟糕的是），tobehonest/frank（老实说，坦白说）等；用v-ing短语作插入语，常见的有：judgingfrom/by...（从……判断），talkingof...（谈及……），considering...（鉴于/考虑到……），supposingthat...（假定……），generallyspeaking（一般来讲）等；用v-ed短语作插入语，常见的有:comparedwith/to...（与……相比较），given...（考虑到……），providedthat...（如果……）等。____,themoreexpensivethecamerais,thebetteritsquality.（2005全国卷III）A.GeneralspeakingB.SpeakinggeneralC.GenerallyspeakingD.Speakinggenerally正确答案为C。巩固练习1._______bloodifyoucanandmanyliveswillbesaved.A.GivingB.GiveC.GivenD.Togive2._____time,he'llmakeafirst-classplayer.A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given3.___youthetruth,Idon’tlikethewayyouspeaktome.,A.TellB.TotellC.ToldD.Telling4.________withadifficultsituation,Arnolddecidedtoaskhisbossforadvice.A.TofaceB.HavingfacedC.FacedD.Facing5._____informationisveryimportanttobusinessmen.A.TocollectB.CollectingC.CollectD.CollectedKeys:1～5BDBDB
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