资料简介
Unit2EnglisharoundtheworldTheFirstPeriod●从容说课Thisisthefirstperiodofthisunit.Thisperiodfocusesonreading.Inthislesson，thereareawarmingupandapassageofreading“TheRoadToModernEnglish”.Thiswarmingupattractsstudents’attentiontothephenomenonofworldEnglish.ThereadingpassagetellsusthepresentsituationinwhichEnglishisusedandthedevelopmentofEnglish.ToletstudentstoformagoodhabitofreadingandhaveproperreadingstrategiesareoneofthemaintasksforseniormiddleschoolEnglishteaching，sointhisperiod，weshouldteachaccordingtothisaim.Inthislesson，studentswillhaveageneralideaoftheconceptionofworldEnglishbyguessingsomewordsonAmericanEnglishandBritainEnglish.Toarousestudents’interest，I’llpresentthemsometypicalfunnystoriesaboutdifferentkindsofEnglish.Thisistogetthestudentsreadyforthereadingpart.Beforereadingthepassage，studentsshouldfirstgetfamiliarwiththenewwordsinthetexttoremovethebarrierinreading.Thenstudentsareaskedtoguesswhatthetextwilltellus.Thisstepisdesignedtotrainstudentsabilitytopredictthecontentofapassageaccordingthetitle.Thenextstepistoaskstudentstohaveageneralideaofthestructureofthetextwiththepurposeofimprovingtheskillofskimming.Afterthat，detailedreadingfollows.Inthestep，studentswillbeaskedtodealwiththepassageparagraphbyparagraphinwhichtheywillhavedifferenttaskstofinishsuchastrue-or-falseexercise，fillingaformwithinformationinthetextandretelling.Thissteptrainsstudents’scanningskillandconclusionskill.Thelaststepforstudentsistodiscussthetopic“ItisnotnecessaryforweChinesetolearnEnglishsincewehaveourownelegantlanguage”.Thisistotrainstudentstoreadcritically.Besides，itcanarousestudents’interestinlearningEnglish.●三维目标1.Knowledge：MasterthewordsandphrasesandgetaviewoftheroadtomodernEnglish.2.Ability：Trainstudents’readingskill.3.Emotion：LetstudentsknowmoreaboutEnglishandinspirestudentstostudyEnglishhard.●教学重点Theunderstandingandcomprehensionofthepassage.●教学难点（1）Howtogettomastertheusefulwordsandexpressions.（2）Howtoimprovestudents’abilitytoreadanarticle.●教具准备cassetterecorder，somepiecesofslide●教学过程Step1GreetingsT：Goodmorning，boysandgirls!S：Goodmorning，teacher!,Step2WarmingupT：Englishisawidelyusedlanguage.DoyouknowinwhichcountriesEnglishisspokenastheirnativelanguage？Sa：TheUS，theUK，Australia，Canada...T：（aslide：Nancy：Oh，thereyouare.Nowthen，didyouhaveagoodflight？Joe：Sure，weflewallthewaydirectfromSeattletoLondon.Nancy：Youmustbeverytired.Didyousleepatallontheplane？Joe：No，notreally.I’mverytired.CouldIuseyourbathroom？Nancy：Why，ofcourse.Youdon’tneedtoask，justmakeyourselfathome.Letmegiveyouacleantowel.Joe：Atowel？Nancy：Yes.Hereyouare.Thebathroomisupstairs.It’stheseconddoorontheleft.（Afterawhile）Nancy：Haveyoufoundit？Joe：Well，eh，yes，Imeanno.Imean，Ifoundthebathroom，butIdidn’tfindwhatIwaslookingfor!）Hereisashortdialogue.Readitanddiscusswithyourpartner：WhatisitthatJoecan’tfindinthebathroom？Whycan’thefindit？Sb：Itisthetoilet.T：Andwhy？Sc：PerhapswhenJoesays“bathroom”，hemeansaplace，wherethereisatoilet.ButinNancy’seyes，itisaplacewherepeoplecanonlyhaveabath.T：Youareright.Doyouknowwhythere’samisunderstandingbetweenthem？Sd：BecausetheyspeakdifferentkindsofEnglish.T：Great.There’smorethanonekindofEnglishintheworld.Insomeimportantwaysthey’redifferent.They’recalledworldEnglish.Canyouguesswhattheyinclude？Se：Canadian，British，American，AustralianandIndianEnglish.T：Right.SoyouknoweventwonativespeakersofEnglishmaystillnotspeakthesamekindofEnglish.LookattheexamplesonP9.NowtrytoguesswhichofthefollowingwordsareBritishEnglishandwhichareAmericanEnglish.Suggestedanswers：Am.English：mom；onateam；rubber；gasBr.English：mum；inateam；eraser；petrolStep3NewWordsT：Fromtodayon，we’lllearnsomethingaboutEnglisharoundtheworld.Firstofall，let’sgetfamiliarwiththenewwords.YesterdayIaskedyoutoreadthenewwordsandlookupthemeaningofthem.Nowlet’shaveagameinwhichoneofyoutellsusthemeaningortheexplanationofthewordsandtheothersguesswhichworditis.Let’sgo!Suggestedexplanation：1.include：havesomethingorsomebodyasoneofagroup.e.g.：ThetourincludedavisittotheScienceMuseum.2.playarolein：haveapartin3.international：connectedwithtwoormorecountries4.native：（1）connectedwiththeplacewhereyouhavealwayslivedorhavelivedforalongtime（2）apersonwholivesinaparticularplace，especiallysb.whohaslivedtherealongtime5.elevator：lift,6.flat：（1）havingasmoothsurface（2）（Br.E）asetofroomsforlivingin7.apartment：（Am.E）asetofroomsforlivingin8.modern：ofthepresenttimeorrecenttime9.comeup：tomovetoward10.culture：thecustomsandbeliefs，art，wayoflifeandsocialorganizationofaparticularcountryorgroup11.actually：really；infact12.present：（1）existingorhappeningnow（2）beinginaparticularplace13.rule：control14.vocabulary：allthephrasesandphrasesyoulearn15.usage：thewayinwhichwordsareusedinalanguage16.identity：whoorwhatsb./sth.is17.government：thegroupofpeoplewhoareresponsibleforcontrollingacountryorastate18.rapidly：fastT：That’sgreat!You’vemadeagoodpreparation.Nowpleasereadthewordstogether.（showwordsandexplanationsontheslide）Step4Pre-readingT：Justnow，we’veknownthatthere’remanykindsofEnglishintheworld.Thenwhyaretheresomanykinds？Ss：Wedon’tknow.T：Anyway，we’llfindoutthecausetoday.Nowreadthetitleofthepassage“theroadtomodernEnglish”.Whatdoyouthinkitwilltellus？Sf：IguessitwilltellusthedevelopmentofEnglish.Step5SkimmingT：Nowlet’sfindoutwhetheryouranswerisright.Sopleasereadthepassagefastinsilenceandfindoutthemainideaofeachparagraph.Suggestedanswer：Para.1：BriefintroductionofthechangeinEnglish.Para.2：AnexampleofdifferentkindsofEnglish.Para.3：ThedevelopmentofEnglish.Para.4：Englishspokeninsomeothercountries.Step6ScanningT：You’vemasteredthestructureofthepassage.Nowpleasereadpara.1and2loudindetail.T：（severalminuteslater）Haveyoufinished？Here’resomestatementsofwhichsomearerightwhilesomenot.Readthemandthentellwhethertheyaretrueorfalse.Iffalse，pleasefindoutthemistakeandcorrectit.（slides：1.MostoftheEnglishspeakersinthe16thcenturylivedinEngland.2.MoreandmorepeopleuseEnglishastheirfirstor2ndlanguage.3.TheUShasthelargestnumberofEnglishspeakers.4.NativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeverythingbecausetheyspeakthesamekindofEnglish.）Sg：Thefirstoneistrue.Sh：Thesecondoneistrue.Si：Thethirdoneisfalse.ChinahasthelargestnumberofEnglishspeakers.Sj：Thefourthoneisfalse.NativeEnglishspeakersmaynotbeabletounderstandeverythingbecausetheydonotspeakthesamekindofEnglish.,T：Youdidaverygoodjob.Nowpleasereadpara.3afterthetape.Andthenfillintheformonthescreen.TheRoadToModernEnglishThecause：CulturescommunicatewithoneanotherTimeThingsthathappenedBetweenAD450and1150BasedonGerman1150to1500LesslikeGerman；morelikeFrench→why？→becauseFrenchmenruledEnglandthenInthe1600’sShakespearebroadenedthevocabulary.AbigchangeinEnglish，givingitsownidentity→why？→causedby“AmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage”writtenbyNoahWebsterLaterBritishpeoplebroughtEnglishtoAustraliaT：WeknowculturecommunicationbringsaboutchangesinEnglish.CanyouthinkofanyeffectthatChinesehasonEnglish？Sk：InEnglishtherearesomeChinesewordssuchasgongfu，longtimenosee，...T：Great!Withmorecloselycommunicationofculture，Englishischangingmorefrequently.T：Asweallknow，Englishisspokenasthenativelanguagemostlyinwesterncountries.ThenwhataboutEnglishinsomeotherpartsoftheworld？Afterreadingthelastparagraph，wouldyoupleasesaysomethingaboutthepresentsituationofEnglishinyourownwords？Sl：Itisalsospokenasaforeignor2ndlanguageinmanyothercountries.Forexample，inIndia，itisusedforgovernmentandeducation.InsomeAfricanandAsiancountries，itisalsospoken，suchasinSouthAfrica，SingaporeandMalaysia.WhileinChina，thenumberofEnglishspeakersisincreasingfast.T：Quitegood.Step7DiscussionT：Sofar，we’veknownthatEnglishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantinChina.IthasbeenanimportantsubjectforChinesestudents.ButsomeonesaythatChineseisamuchmoreelegantlanguage.Soitismoreimportantforustomasteritanditisnotsonecessaryforustomasteraforeignlanguage.Doyouagreewiththisopinionandwhy？Suggestedanswer：Idon’tagreewithit.Withtheculturalcommunicationbecomingmoreandmorefrequent，thechancetocontactforeigners，exportedgoods，internationalconferences，andsoon，ismoreandmore.Asthemostwidelyusedlanguage，Englishisregardedasthelanguageusedinmostinternationalsituations.Thus，ifwewanttokeepupwiththetimes，we’dbettermasterEnglishanduseitasatool.Step8SummaryandhomeworkT：Todaywe’velearnedanarticleon“theroadtomodernEnglish”.Afterclass，youshouldreaditagainandagaintogettheideaofthetextfurther.DotheexercisesofcomprehendingandtrytotellyourpartnersomethingaboutEnglishinourownwords.That’sallfortoday.Classisover.●板书设计Unit2EnglisharoundtheworldTheFirstPeriodNewwords：Mainideaofeachpara-graph：,............●活动与探究ThisactivityistomakeresearchintodifferencesbetweendifferentkindsofworldEnglishandsomewordsfromotherlanguagesinEnglish.Dividestudentsintotwogroupstodoresearchandfillthefollowingtableintheirfreetime.DifferencesPronunciationSpellingMeaningUsage...WordsfromotherlanguagesChineseJapaneseFrenchSpanishGerman...●备课资料SoonThereWillBeNoSuchThingAs“Wrong”EnglishInthisarticle：SeniorIndianjournalistGautamanBhaskaransaysthatEnglishissoflexiblethatonedaytherewillbetoomanyvariationsaroundtheworld.Englishisavictimofitsownsuccess.TheotherdayTheTimesinLondondisplayedacartoonshowinganexcitedschoolboyflauntinghistestscores：“IdonegoodinEnglish.”Dayslater，editorsoftheOxfordDictionaryofEnglishruedthespreadofwhattheytermed“greengrocer’sEnglish”.Grammarandsyntax，theyregretted，weregoingoutoffashion.OthersinEngland—intheOxfordUniversityPress，theBBCandsoon—saidtheincorrectuseofclichesweremarringthesmoothflowofagreatlanguagewhoseabilitytoimbibeandabsorbhasbeenoneimportantreasonforitssuccess.Thissuccessalsostemsfromthelanguage’suniquepositionofbeingtheonlyonespokeninmostpartsoftheworld.Really，Englishhasnoboundaries.EvenincountriessuchasJapanandChina，whichwerenotcolonizedbyBritain，Englishismakingadetermined“conquest”.Unfortunately，suchaconquestisnotalwayswelcomebecausealanguagesometimesdoublesasapoliticalweapon.AtsomepointitceasestobejustameansofcommunicationandEnglishisaclassicexampleofthis.Ithasalwaysledatroubledlife.Ithasbeendisliked，evenhated，largelybecausethepeoplewhooriginallyspokeEnglishconquered，colonizedandterrorizedhalftheworld，orjustabout.Theanimositytothelanguagecontinues，atleastinsomeplaces.ThebitternessthattheFrench，forinstance，haveforEnglishisagoodexampleofalanguagebeinggivingaquasi-politicalroleinsociety.Fortunately，thisaversiondoesnotrunasitdidsomeyearsago，andthereisagrowingrealizationthatEnglishisthelinguafranca.ChinaandJapan，amongahostofothernations，havebeenmakingseriouseffortstopromotethelanguage.SomemonthsagotherewasahueandcryinSingaporeoverthespreadof“terribleEnglish”whichtheauthoritiescalled“Singlish”.“Downwithit!”theysaid，andurgedSingaporeanstolearncorrectEnglish，thephenomenalflexibilityofwhichhasoftenmadethingsdifficultforthosewhohavetouseiteveryday.,Todayevenuniversitygraduatesfindithardtopenacoupleofcorrectsentencesinit.Morehorrifyingisthatmanyteachersanduniversityvice-chancellorsspeakandwritepoorandungrammaticalEnglish.Often，theyarefoundtobeoutoftouchwithwhatiscalled“usage”and，asweallknow，thisisoneofthepillarsthelanguagerestson.Yet，despitethemessthatEnglishisinIndia，thenationhas—morethantwocenturiesafterSamuelJohnsonwrotehisEnglishdictionary—becomethehottestdestinationfortoplexicographers.Thenew10threvisededitionoftheOxfordConciseEnglishDictionaryincludeshundredsofIndianwords.Leadingthelistof600IndianEnglishentriesare“Hindutva”（Hinduidentity），“dada”（olderbrother），“panchayat”（localadministration），“chai”（tea），“pani”（water），“puri”（adishmadeofwheat）and“dosa”（ricepancake）.Infact，Indianwordsfrom20percentofentriesandrankasthethird-largestcomponentafterAmericanandAustralianEnglishsegments.OtherformerBritishcoloniessuchasNewZealand，SouthAfricaandtheCaribbeanislandsfollowtheIndianEnglishcollectionofwords.English，despiteitshiccups，isendearingtothecommonIndianmanorwoman.About150yearsafterLordMacaulayintroducedthelanguageinIndiatocreate“babus”（clerks）fortheBritishbureaucracy，70millionIndiansspeakEnglish，anumberthatishigherthanthatinBritain.However，thereisasneakingfearamongPuritansthatwiththiskindofspread，EnglishmaystopbeingEnglish.WhiletheFrenchhavefanaticallypreservedthepurityoftheirlanguage，theEnglishhaveliberallyallowedotherinfluencestoaffecttheirlingo.So，whatisseenasitsstrength—thefactthatpeopleallovertheworldunderstandit—canbeanunderminingobstacle.TheremightbeaseriousproblemifeverystateorcontinentweretohaveitsownversionofEnglish.Asonewritersaid：“Thereisariskinrelentlessatomization.”Withtoomanyvariationsofthelanguage，atimemaycomewhenonegroupofEnglish-speakingpeoplemaynotbeabletounderstandanother.Thisishappening.HearthewaySingaporeansspeakEnglish.ListentotheAustralianspronouncing“e”；itsoundslike“a”.AfewofthefilmsmadelatelybyBritishdirectorsKenLoachandMikeLeighhadtohavesubtitlesinEnglish.AccentsinthenorthofBritaincanbehardforpeopleinthesouthtounderstand，letalonethoseoutsidetheisland.Thepointis，nolanguagemustbeallowedsuchflexibility—anythinggoesinthenameoffunctionalcommunication—thatpeoplebegintotakelibertieswithit.Ultimately，theremaybenosuchthingaswrongEnglish.TheschoolboyintheTimescartoonwasdoingjustthat.HeknewnobodywouldscoldhimforgettinghisEnglishwrong.不久以后就没有“错误的”英语这一说了英语成了自身成功的牺牲品，前几天，伦敦的《泰晤士报》刊登了一幅漫画，上面画了一个兴高采烈的男学生炫耀他的考试成绩：“IdonegoodinEnglish”（我的英语成绩不错）。几天后，《牛津英语词典》的编辑们对他们所定义的“菜贩子讲的英语”的传播大为悲叹。他们感到遗憾的是，语法和句法都过时了。其他一些在英国——牛津大学出版社、BBC（英国广播公司）等的人说：不正确地使用陈腐辞藻损害着一种伟大语言的流畅性，英语博采众长的能力是其成功的一个重要原因。英语的成功同样源自其独特的地位，它是在世界的大多数地区都使用的惟一一门语言。的确，英语没有国界。甚至在没有被英国所殖民过的国家，诸如中国和日本，英语正进行着决定性的“征服”。不幸的是，这种征服不总是受到欢迎，因为一种语言有时会被兼作政治武器。有时候，语言不再仅仅是一种沟通的工具，而英语又是这种情况的一个经典范例。,英语总是摆脱不掉困扰。它曾不受人喜欢，甚至遭人厌恶过。主要是因为最初讲英语的人征服、殖民和胁迫了世界的一半地区，或者说将近一半地区。对英语的敌意还在持续着，至少在某些地方仍是这样。语言在社会中被赋予了一种准政治的作用，比如法国人对英语的嫉恨就是一个很好的例子。幸运的是，这种对英语的厌恶不像多年前那么严重，人们越来越认识到英语其实是一种混合语。在众多国家，比如中国和日本，一直在大力推广英语的使用。几个月前在新加坡，人们大声抗议被当局称作“新加坡式英语”的“可怕的英语”正在到处传播。“够了！”他们说道，并督促新加坡人学习正确的英语。对于那些每天都必须使用英语的人来说，英语异常的灵活性经常把事情搞得很困难。现在，即使是大学毕业生都会发现写几句正确的英文句子很难。更可怕的是，许多教师和大学副校长说着和写着糟糕的不合语法的英语。人们经常会发现这些人不注重语言的“用法”，正如我们都知道的，用法是语言的支柱之一。然而，尽管英语在印度被搞得一团糟，在塞谬尔·约翰逊编写了他的英语字典两个多世纪以后，这个国家已经成为顶级词典编纂者们最热门的词汇来源地。《牛津简明英语词典》新近出版的第十修订版收录了几百个印度词汇。在600条印度英语词条中最重要的词汇是“Hindutva”（印度身份），“dada”（长兄），“panchayat”（地方行政机关），“chai”（茶），“pani”（水），“puri”（用小麦做的食品），以及“dosa”（烤米饼）。实际上，印度词汇构成了20%的词条并且在美国和澳大利亚英语条目之后，成为第三大词典词汇组成部分。从其他前英国殖民地，比如新西兰、南非和加勒比海群岛所收录的词汇都位居印度英语之后。普通的印度人都还是喜欢英语的，尽管有时会有些小问题。麦考利勋爵将英语引入到印度并为英国官僚机构创造了像“babus”（职员）这样的词汇，150年之后，有7000万的印度人在讲英语，人数比在英国讲英语的人都要多。然而，清教徒却普遍心存恐惧，怕如此下去英语会变得面目全非了。与法国人狂热地保护法语纯洁性的做法不同，英国人很大方地接受了外界对其影响。结果是，世界各地的人都懂英语——可以说这一优势削弱了英语的纯洁性。如果每个国家或大陆都有其版本的英语的话，那么问题可能就严重了。正如一位作家所说的：“无休止使英语分化是危险的。”英语如果有太多的变种的话，会出现这样的情况：当一群讲英语的人可能听不懂另一群人所讲的英语。这种情况事实上正在发生。您来听听新加坡人说的英语。听澳大利亚人发“e”这个音的；听起来就像发“a”这个音。最近由英国导演肯·露弛和麦克·雷导演的几部电影中不得不加上了英语字幕，因为英国北部人的口音让英国南方的人很难听懂，更不用说英国以外的人了。问题的关键是，没有什么语言可以允许有如此的灵活性——以至于人们借实际沟通之名，就可以随意使用了。最终的结果是：可能不会有错误的英语这回事了。在《泰晤士报》卡通中的男学生正是这么做的。因为他清楚没有人会指责他所讲的英语不正确。
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